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Journal of Environmental Monitoring

Cutting-Edge Research on Environmental Processes & Impacts




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J. Environ. Monit., 2009, 11, 1747 - 1753, DOI: 10.1039/b917090c


Determination of trace element concentrations in natural freshwaters: How low is low, and how low do we need to go?

William Shotyk and Michael Krachler


There is an on-going need for reliable concentration data for trace elements in natural freshwaters, including soil solutions and groundwaters, surface waters (wetlands, streams, rivers, and lakes), precipitation (fog, rain, and snow), and drinking water (including natural spring water as well as bottled water and tap water). Some of the trace elements of interest may be present in these waters at elevated concentrations due either to natural processes such as mineral weathering (e.g. As and U in groundwater), or because of human activities (e.g. atmospheric contamination of snow with Pb and Sb).

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